Given below are a series of statements that I have heard over time! They might make sense initially, but lets analyze it deeper to come to a logical conclusion. If the statements are in fact untrue, lets see why!

• “Once I learn Python /R programming / Java / MATLAB and other sophisticated programming, I can easily get a role in Data science.”

This is like, expecting to become a chef by just knowing the recipes at heart. …

Like we discussed, you need to know basics of statistics to be able to analyze the data better. And one topic of statistics, the most important in Data science industry, is the Concept of Distributions.

What are you waiting for! Lets dive into the important theory needed in data science and its R application.

But first lets understand, what does it mean by Distributions in Statistics? Well, there are certain parameters of the distribution, this makes each distribution unique from the other. It is a pre-determined set of observations that are likely to occur based on the pattern that population…

In my previous article, we went over some of the foundational topics used by Data Science professionals. In order to develop the must-have’s for this profession, we must use our time to the fullest and upskill.

Must’ve skills

Whenever someone applies for a job opportunity, there are always a set of skills that the hiring team looks for, could be some specific softer skills or some technical skills. And so, we ought to prepare well with those skills. We would be able to upskill better, once we know the various stops of a Data Scientist.

In the articles earlier, we understood the importance of observing the three behaviors in the model: Homoscedasticity, Multicollinearity and Autocorrelation.

We would be going over the concept and R application of most used tests in multiple regression modeling. The list is as follows:

1. Breush-Pagan test
2. VIF (Variance Inflation Factor)
3. Runs test
4. Box-Cox transformation to address heteroscedasticity.

Breush-Pagan test

Lets understand this by using the model built in the earlier article and applying the test for heteroscedasticity in the model. Here we set the following hypothesis for the test.
H0: There is constant variation in the model, i.e., …

In the last two articles, we explored the concept of Simple Linear Regression Model (i.e., regression involving two variables). Although, the practical situations demand much more complexity, for almost all the situations when we apply this concept in real life, we have numerous variables (which might or might not affect the outcome variable significantly). Let’s learn how to build and optimize our Multiple Linear regression model (model with more than one explanatory variables).

Example: Lets consider the following dataset using which, we intend to explain the price of the flat (Y) using the following explanatory variables: Number of Bedrooms, Number…

In my previous article, we went over the model fitting for the given data of percentage of hardwood pulp in the paper(X) and the tensile strength of the paper (Y).

Once we have established the significance of the regression model and the estimated of the population parameters of the model, we then have to analyze the trends of the residuals to verify the assumptions of the linear regression model. We run the following R code to obtain a series if insightful plots as discussed below.

Note: The assumptions of the linear regression plots cannot be completely met, but we are…

Regression Analysis is one of the most acknowledged and useful tools of statistics. It is one of the most efficient ways to understand the relation between certain variables, while being able to make logical predictions for the future.

Lets understand Simple linear regression with an example and R codes. But first, we should know why is it being referred as “simple” linear regression. Well, this is because we would be studying the relation between only two variables, one dependent and one independent (clearly explained with the example below).

Example
Consider the example given below:
Suppose we wish to study the impact of…

In my previous article, we went over the single variable hypothesis testing. Likewise, we can apply the tests for the double variable testing like, testing for the significance of the difference of means, testing for the difference of population variances and others.

But now, we would move over the topic of testing for the normality of any form of sample (data). But first lets understand what does Normality mean? When we use normality in context of hypothesis testing, we mean to test if the sample seems to originate from a normal distribution, i.e., …